With the release of the iPhone 5s, Apple offered users an alternative method of unlocking smartphones and protecting important data - a fingerprint scanner. Since then, the fingerprint reader has been used in all mobile gadgets of the California corporation, and has become one of the factors for abandoning the familiar "Slide to unlock" gesture.

Despite the fact that Apple engineers are constantly improving existing solutions sometimes they fail. For example, a scanner Fingerprint Touch ID may refuse to read the data of the owner of the smartphone. In order for Touch ID to correctly perceive the fingerprint of the iPhone owner again, you need to do a few simple manipulations.

Enable Touch ID Unlock in Settings

Before you start looking for the cause of the Touch ID malfunction, you need to make sure that fingerprint recognition is enabled. To do this, go to Settings - General - Touch ID and password and check if the ability to unlock the iPhone with a fingerprint is activated. To be sure, you can disable and re-enable this option by moving the toggle switch.

Clear Scanner

If the fingerprint unlock feature is enabled but the scanner is not responding, you can start troubleshooting and troubleshooting. The first step is to thoroughly clean the Touch ID scanner. Perhaps dust or other dirt has accumulated on it, particles of which prevent normal fingerprint recognition.

Apple releases a major iOS update and macOS once a year. Throughout the year, minor updates appear that fix minor bugs in the software and hardware devices. It is possible that the Touch ID fingerprint scanner does not work correctly due to outdated firmware. To update it you need to go to Settings - General - Software Update.

Correct finger placement

Sometimes the reason for incorrect operation of the Touch ID scanner is the wrong position of the finger. You need to make sure that your finger completely covers the fingerprint scanner, that you do not remove your finger too quickly, and that the system has enough time to scan.

Adding more fingerprints

Apple has provided the ability to add five different fingerprints, with which you can unlock your iPhone. These can be fingerprints of different fingers of the same person, then when you try to unlock you will not have to use only one finger all the time. It can also be the fingerprints of family members who can use this device.

When adding new fingerprints, make sure that the system reads and recognizes them completely and correctly. A partially scanned fingerprint will prevent you from unlocking your iPhone later.

It is also worth making sure that the smartphone recognizes the owner's fingerprints in the cold season. To do this, you need to add one scanned in the cold to the list of recognized prints. Since low air temperatures can partially change the fingerprint, making it narrower, a scanner that has a regular fingerprint stored in the base may not correctly perceive a frozen fingerprint.

Researchers at New York University have found a way to create fake fingerprints that can fool biometric scanners (or the human eye).

The principle of operation of such fingerprints is based on the fact that fingerprint scanners operate with incomplete prints, since the user puts his finger a little differently each time and never rolls it over the entire surface.

At the same time, all prints have typical, repeating elements.

It was the deep learning of the neural network based on the database of partial fingerprints that formed fingerprints that can be represented as a kind of master keys in relation to ordinary keys, only in biometric space.

Of course, a fake fingerprint is no guarantee of fraud, but for an access control system with an error rate of 0.001, that is, one false positive in a thousand, a fake fingerprint replaces 23% of all fingerprints stored in the database.
And for a system with a probability of one in a hundred, DeepMasterPrints imitates 77% of real prints.

It is clear that AI-synthesized fingerprints can be most effective when trying to break into a system with many fingerprints stored on it, that is, not in a smartphone, so that the owners of the latter can not strain.

At least until scientists take the next step.
They, in turn, hope that their work will encourage companies to make biometric systems more reliable.

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Touch ID began to install for the first time on iPhone 5s in 2013. Later, new models of the iPhone, iPad and MacBook Pro were equipped with a scanner.

At the moment, there are 2 generations of sensors that are used in Apple technology:

Touch ID 1st generation is used in:

• iPhone 5s;
• iPhone 6/6 Plus;
• iPhone SE;
• iPad Air 2;
• iPad mini 3/4;
• iPad Pro 12.9″ (first generation 2015 release);
• iPad Pro 9.7″;
• iPad 2017/2018.

Faster Touch ID 2nd generation is installed in:

• iPhone 6S/6S Plus;
• iPhone 7/7 Plus;
• iPhone 8/8 Plus;
• iPad Pro 10.5″;
• iPad Pro 12.9″ (second generation 2017 release);
• MacBook Pro 2016/2017.

Generations of sensors differ only in response speed, but not in the degree of fingerprint recognition. The features and techniques described below will work with both generations of Touch ID.

What affects Touch ID

The fingerprint sensor at the time of its appearance in the iPhone 5s was head and shoulders above the available solutions from competitors. The developers managed to create a device that correctly reads the owner's fingerprint quite quickly and with high accuracy.

Two years later, the sensor was finalized, halving the response time of the sensor.

The performance of the sensor is definitely affected by dirt and liquids. Maximum accuracy is guaranteed when the sensor surface is clean and free of grease, dirt and water on the finger. Despite this, the scanner requires daily cleaning only under very difficult operating conditions.

Most users do not need to wipe Touch ID or wash and dry their hands before using their smartphone.

What doesn't affect Touch ID

The operation of the sensor is not affected by ambient temperature and humidity. Even if you use the device in the cold, when the skin on the fingers shrinks a little, a slight change in fingerprints will not seriously affect the operation of Touch ID.

The state of the smartphone's battery and its charge level do not affect the response speed. Some users mistakenly believe that a sensor with a charged battery works better.

There is no confirmed evidence of the presence of the Touch ID learning system when repeatedly touching the sensor in the menu improves the accuracy of the sensor. IN this menu this is only to indicate the entered fingerprint.

How then to improve the accuracy of Touch ID

The essence of the method is to add several prints of one finger, but at different angles and in different positions. If the fingerprints of the wife / husband, children or relatives are not entered in the smartphone, you can fill all five slots with your data.

Use either two prints for a non-working hand and three for a working one, or even four for a working one and one for a non-working one.

1. Go to Settings - Touch ID and passcode and remove existing fingerprints.

2. Now add a new fingerprint for the hand with which you most often hold the smartphone. When adding a fingerprint, try to press the top of your fingertip against the sensor.

3. Add another fingerprint and enter the same finger again, but make most of the touches with the bottom of the fingertip.

4. Add a third fingerprint for the same finger, but keep the smartphone not in your hand with a normal grip, but in the most familiar place, for example, taking the iPhone out of your pocket.

5. Now you can add two fingerprints for the thumb of the second hand, or just one such fingerprint, and the last to fix the finger of the main one in another atypical position, for example, by pressing the smartphone in the car holder.

By adding two fingerprints to one finger (one for the top of the pad, and the second for the bottom), you can add a large area of ​​skin to the memory of the device. When adding a fingerprint in a specific position (taking it out of a pocket, in a holder, or on a table), we train the sensor to spread pressure at a certain angle.

This simple method will minimize the percentage of false positives. Touch sensor ID.

So what is a fingerprint scanner?

It is a type of biometric security technology that uses a combination of hardware and software methods to recognize a user's fingerprint. It identifies and authenticates a person's fingerprints to allow or deny access to a smartphone, app, and other places that need to be protected from unwanted intrusion. There are many other ways to protect personal information, such as: biometrics, iris scan, retinal scan, facial scan and so on up to a special blood test or gait. By the way, gait analysis was demonstrated in the movie series Mission Impossible with Tom Cruise. Some smartphones even use an iris scanner, but the implementation of this feature, of course, is far from ideal. Why fingerprint scanner? It's simple: fingerprint scanning boards are quite cheap and easy to manufacture and use. Touch the scanner and your Redmi Note 3 is instantly unlocked and ready to go.

How exist different types biometric security technologies, and types of fingerprint scanners have different technologies and implementation methods. There are three types of fingerprint scanners:

1. Optical scanners;
2. Capacitive scanners;
3. ultrasonic scanners.

Optical scanners

Optical fingerprint scanners are the oldest method of capturing and comparing fingerprints. As the name suggests, this method is based on capturing an optical image of a print. It is essentially a photograph of a fingerprint that, once captured, is processed using special algorithms to detect unique patterns on the surface, such as ridges and unique curls, by analyzing the lightest and darkest areas of the image.

Just like a camera in a smartphone, these sensors have a finite resolution, and the higher this resolution, the finer details of the pattern the sensor will be able to distinguish on your finger, the higher the security. However, the sensors of these sensors have much greater contrast than a conventional camera. As a rule, they have a very high number of diodes per inch in order to capture an image at close range. But when you put your finger on the scanner, its camera does not see anything, because it's dark, you object. Right. Therefore, optical scanners also have entire arrays of LEDs as a flash to illuminate the scanned area. Obviously, this design is too bulky for a phone, where the thinness of the case plays an important role.

The main disadvantage of optical scanners is that they are quite easy to fool. Optical scanners capture only 2D images. Many have seen how, with the help of simple manipulations with the same PVA glue or simply with a high-quality photograph, a scanner is hacked and access to your important documents or cats is obtained. Therefore, this type of security is not suitable for smartphones.

Just as you can now find smartphones with a resistive screen, you can also find optical fingerprint scanners. They are still used in many areas, except for those where real security is needed. Recently, with the development of technology and the increase in demand for more serious security, smartphones have unanimously adopted and use capacitive scanners. They will be discussed below.

Capacitive Scanners

This is the most commonly seen type of fingerprint scanner today. As the name suggests, the capacitor is the main scanning unit in a capacitive scanner. Instead of creating a traditional fingerprint image, capacitive scanners use arrays of tiny capacitor circuits to collect fingerprint data. Capacitors store an electric charge and, by placing a finger on the surface of the scanner, the accumulated in the capacitor will be slightly changed in those places where the ridge on the pattern touches the plate, and will remain relatively unchanged where, on the contrary, there are depressions on the pattern. An op-amp integrator circuit is used to track these changes, which can then be recorded using an analog-to-digital converter.

Once the fingerprint data has been captured, the data is digitized and searched for the fingerprint's distinctive and unique attributes, which in turn can be stored for comparison at a later stage. The main advantage of this technology is that it is much better than optical scanners. The results of the scan cannot be reproduced with an image and it is incredibly difficult to deceive it with prosthetics, that is, a cast of a print. As described above, this is because when a fingerprint is recognized, slightly different data is recorded, namely, changes in the charge on the capacitor. The only real security threat comes from any hardware or software interference.

Capacitive fingerprint scanners use fairly large arrays of these capacitors, usually hundreds, if not thousands, in one scanner. This allows with a high degree detail the image of the ridges and troughs of the fingerprint. Just like in optical scanners, more capacitors provide a higher resolution of the scanner, increasing the accuracy of recognition and, accordingly, the level of security, up to the recognition of the smallest points.

Due to the larger number of components in the fingerprint recognition chain, capacitive scanners are usually slightly more expensive than optical ones. In early iterations of capacitive scanners, many manufacturers tried to reduce cost by reducing the number of capacitors needed for fingerprint recognition. Such solutions were almost always not very successful, and many users complained about the quality of recognition, because they had to put their finger several times to scan the fingerprint. Fortunately, today this technology has already been brought to mind and even the pickiest user will be satisfied. It is worth noting that if the finger is dirty or too wet / greasy, then the capacitive scanner will sometimes not be able to recognize the print. However, do they still wash their hands? :)

Ultrasonic scanners

Ultrasonic fingerprint scanners are currently the latest technologies fingerprint recognition. For the first time this type of scanner was used in the Le Max Pro smartphone. This phone uses the technology of the American company Qualcomm with its Sense ID.

An ultrasonic scanner uses an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver to recognize the fingerprint. The ultrasonic pulse is transmitted directly to the finger, which is placed in front of the scanner. Some of this pulse is absorbed and some is returned to the receiver and further recognized based on the ridges, troughs, and other features of the print that are unique to each finger. In ultrasound scanners, a sensor that detects mechanical stress is used to calculate the intensity of the returning ultrasound pulse at various points on the scanner. Scanning for longer periods of time allows for additional fingerprint depth data to be captured and will result in very detailed 3D images of the scanned fingerprint. The use of 3D technology in this scanning method makes it the safest alternative to capacitive scanners. The only disadvantage of this technology is that at the moment it has not yet been developed and is too expensive. The first smartphones with such scanners are pioneers in this area. For the same reason, Xiaomi did not use an ultrasound scanner in its flagship Mi5.

Algorithms for processing fingerprints

Although most fingerprint scanners are based on very similar hardware principles, additional components and software can play an important role in fingerprint recognition. Different manufacturers use several different algorithms that will be most "convenient" for a particular processor model and operating system. Accordingly, determination of key fingerprint characteristics may vary in speed and accuracy for different manufacturers.

As a rule, these algorithms look for where the ridges and troughs end, intersect and split into two parts. Collectively, the features of the print pattern are called “little things”. If the scanned print matches several "little things", then it will be considered as a match. What is this for? Instead of comparing entire fingerprints each time, comparing "little" reduces the amount of processing power required to process and identify each fingerprint. Also this way helps to avoid errors when scanning a fingerprint and, most importantly, it becomes possible to apply a finger incompletely. After all, you never put your finger exactly in exactly? Of course not.

This information must be stored in a secure location on your device and far enough away from code that could potentially compromise the reliability of the scanner. Instead of storing user data online, the processor securely stores fingerprint information on a physical chip in a TEE (trusted task environment). This safe zone is also used for other cryptographic processes and directly accesses the security hardware platforms, such as the same fingerprint scanner, to prevent any software snooping and any intrusion. These algorithms for different manufacturers may differ or even be organized differently, for example, Qualcomm has the Secure MCM architecture, and Apple has the Secure Enclave, but they are all based on the same principle of storing this information in a separate part of the processor.

Fingerprint scanners have become a fairly secure alternative to remembering countless usernames and passwords, and for secure payment transactions, scanners will eventually become a very common and important security tool.

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Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

Rostest is a certification mark that guarantees that the device complies with all Russian norms and standards for the protection of the environment and the health of users. This sign does not imply any additional differences or advantages over other devices.

Global Version means that the product is released for the global market and meets international quality standards.

What is a fingerprint and how to fool the fingerprint scanner? In fact, an imprint is papillary patterns on the skin. That is, protrusions and recesses that fold into a certain pattern. Each person has their own, individual.

Formation of papillary patterns

The formation of such patterns occurs at about 12 weeks of the fetus. At the same time, the nervous system is formed. The pattern is influenced by many factors. This is the position of the fetus in the womb, and the genetic code, and the state of the environment, and the mother's diet, and much more.

The pattern is able to recover with minor damage to the epidermis. In this article, we will look at whether and how to fool the fingerprint scanner, as well as how it works on modern phones.

Determining the identity of a person by his fingerprint is one of the most reliable methods of identification. More accurate methods include only DNA analysis and retinal scanning.

How the fingerprint scanner works

The fingerprint scanner must do two things:

1. Get pattern image
2. Check if it matches the fingerprints in the database.

Scanning

Smartphones are now equipped with optical scanners. The principle of their work is similar to the work of a digital camera. A matrix of LEDs illuminates the pattern itself, and a microcircuit of light-sensitive LEDs takes a picture at this time.

When light hits an LED, it produces an electrical charge. Thus, a pixel is formed on the future image of the pattern. The color of a pixel varies depending on how much light is received.

Pixels of different intensity and form a pattern. Before comparing the print with the database, the scanner checks the brightness and clarity of the image. If the results are unsatisfactory, the entire image acquisition process is repeated.

Fingerprint analysis

The resulting image is analyzed software. Recognition occurs using complex algorithms.

All patterns can be divided into three main types:

• arc,
• loopback
• whorled.

Once the pattern type is determined, the scanner looks for minutiae. These are the places where the pattern line ends. For example, there is a break or bifurcation of the line. The minutiae are the uniqueness of the fingerprint. The scanner recognizes how the minutiae are arranged in relation to each other. To do this, the entire drawing is divided into small zones. Each section includes a certain number of minutiae. Their location is recorded.

Similar areas of the studied imprint and databases are analyzed. If the patterns are the same, the owner of the fingerprints is the same person. The scanner does not match absolutely all lines of the pattern. He only looks for similar patterns in blocks and draws conclusions based on these data.

Types of fingerprint scanners

There are two types of optical scanners:

• Apple scanners (iPhone 5s onwards) take a picture of the finger as it touches the phone's screen.
• Another type of scanner takes multiple images at once while you swipe your finger across the screen. Such a scanner was used in Samsung Galaxy S5 smartphones. Later, the scanner was replaced by the first type. It is more convenient, but at the same time more expensive, since you need to use a large matrix.

All scanners of this kind have one drawback: scratches and dirt can disable it.

Surely, many have ever wondered how to fool the fingerprint scanner and is it even possible? The answer is yes. Of course, the company understands now and understood before when creating such a phone functionality that any biometric system can be deceived.

It is enough to make a cast of the finger phalanx and touch it to the scanner. In addition, the owner of the phone can be forced to put his finger on the device.

Apple has put in place some security measures for such cases. But still, the method has the right to exist. Older iPhones can be fooled by simply printing a higher resolution picture of your finger.

As you can see, there are several ways to trick the fingerprint scanner. Moreover, if it is difficult to do this in iPhones, then in smartphones with the Android OS, the situation is much simpler.